Epic Genetics

☢️ Mutagen Creates random point mutations in DNA by changing individual bases (A↔T↔C↔G). This simulates environmental damage or replication errors that can alter protein function. 🟢 Promoter A DNA regulatory sequence that signals where transcription should begin. RNA polymerase binds here to start making RNA copies of the gene. 🔄 RNA Polymerase The enzyme that reads DNA and synthesizes complementary RNA. It moves along DNA from 3' to 5', creating RNA in the 5' to 3' direction. ⚡ Transcription Factor Regulatory proteins that enhance or inhibit transcription. When combined with RNA polymerase, they increase the rate of RNA production. ✂️ Spliceosome A ribonucleoprotein complex that removes introns (non-coding sequences) from pre-mRNA, joining exons together to create mature mRNA. 🔀 Alt Spliceosome Alternative splicing machinery that can skip certain exons, creating different protein variants from the same gene. This increases protein diversity. 🎩 5' Cap A modified guanosine added to the 5' end of mRNA. It protects from degradation and helps ribosomes recognize where to start translation. 🐍 Poly-A Tail A string of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of mRNA. It increases mRNA stability and enhances translation efficiency. 🚚 tRNA Transfer RNA molecules that carry specific amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA has an anticodon that pairs with mRNA codons during translation. 🏭 rRNA Ribosomal RNA that forms the structural and catalytic core of ribosomes. Works with tRNA to translate mRNA codons into amino acid sequences. 🧬 CRISPR Precise gene editing tool that allows you to directly modify DNA sequences. Opens an editor where you can change any part of the DNA sequence.

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